A survey on key techniques and development perspectives of equivalent consumption minimisation strategy for hybrid electric vehicles

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), as a promising solution to mitigate environmental pollution and reduce fuel consumption, employ combination of power supply for boosting the vehicle's economy. Comparing conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) driven vehicles, additional propulsion source in electrified powertrain systems HEVs leads extra control degree freedom. Thus, well-designed energy management strategy (EMS) is indispensable cope with complexity distribution existing multiple system. Equivalent consumption minimisation (ECMS) one most EMS techniques due its capability achieving real-time local optimal control. In ECMS, key parameter – equivalent factor (EF) usually employed unify ICE into single variable representing economy, thereby instantaneous economy optimisation. This paper comprehensively surveys state-of-the-art ECMSs PHEVs HEVs. Firstly, basic operation mechanism discussed. Then, are classified based on their dependence either online computation or offline pre-computation. Moreover, core technique EF adaptation elaborated terms principles, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages. addition, factors well corresponding integration methods analysed summarised. Finally, future research trends gaps development